The economic dimension, however, is not the justification upon which efforts to foster diverse workforces ultimately rest. After distinguishing between low and high-skilled workers, the authors find a negative impact of low-skilled workers on patents; a 1-percentage point increase of low skilled immigrants leads to 0.2 percent decrease in innovation (Bratti and Conti, 2014[7]). Most of the studies are survey-based and usually focus only on specific, usually large firms. (2016), Le cot conomique des discriminations - Rapport la ministre du Travail, de lEmploi, de la Formation professionnelle et du Dialogue social et au ministre de la Ville, de la Jeunesse et des Sports, France Stratgie, Paris. The other positive outcomes the survey revealed is that 92% of people surveyed said they feel they belong to Australian society. There is some evidence suggesting that a positive impact of more gender equal boards is stronger in countries where gender equality is generally higher (Post and Byron, 2015[13]). To answer this, we examined the psychological mechanisms involved in these processes. When assigned to biased managers (measured by their outcomes in implicit association tests) in a French grocery store chain, ethnic minorities were found to be absent more often, spend less time at work, scan items more slowly and take more time between customers. While other nations have faced racial tensions and riots, we have experienced long-term social stability. (2010), The Gender and Ethnic Diversity of US Boards and Board Committees and Firm Financial Performance. However, given the breadth of studies in this area, findings can be interpreted as giving an indication on the impact of diversity on team performance. How racism and a lack of diversity can harm our workplaces Employers will increasingly feel the cost of discriminatory behaviour in the context of growing labour market shortages, as their competitiveness will suffer from irrational hiring preferences (Gary Becker, 1957). Im often asked what are the types of situations that will be covered if the Exposure Draft is adopted in its current form? Its difficult to consider situations that would fall under the revisions; People of all religions, ethnic backgrounds, age and gender have so much to contribute, but this can only happen when there is a sense of inclusion and belonging, when people feel part of this country. 9-44. [42] Alesina,A., J.Harnoss and H.Rapoport (2014), Immigration, Diversity and Attitudes to Redistribution: A European Perspective. Similarly, an analysis of reports filed in the context of the Dutch diversity law Wet SAMEN finds that skilled labour market shortage impacts ethnic minority representation positively (Verbeek, 2012[50]). A Muslim woman wearing the hijab in the local park with her children could be abused on the basis of her religion, quite legally, because she was not physically intimidated and no one was incited to hate her. a 0.35% increase in GDP per year) from elevating employment rates of women, French-born with a migration background, residents of disadvantaged neighbourhoods and people with disabilities to the average employment level (Bon-Maury etal., 2016[47]). Note: (+) = impact is positive and statistically significant; (-) = impact is negative and statistically significant; (/) = impact is statistically insignificant. We found that the initial negative effects were being driven by a reduction in trust of others around them in countries, with increased religious diversity. Carter etal. [23] Horwitz,S. and I.Horwitz (2007), The Effects of Team Diversity on Team Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of Team Demography, Journal of Management, Vol. Over the last few months we have seen a passionate public debate as to whether our 1995 Federal racial vilification laws place a fair restriction on the right to freedom of speech in a 21st century multicultural and democratic society. 396414. This evening I would like to discuss the: Before I go any further I would like to show a quick clip this is part of our Racism. Results for Germany show a smaller effect, but similar pattern (Suedekum, Wolf and Blien, 2014[29]). This currently includes the Australian Human Rights Commission, a number of government departments, the Australian Multicultural Council, Federation of Ethnic Communities Councils, and National Congress of Australias First Peoples. The Commission is Australias national human rights institution accredited with an A status under the Paris Principles. This suggests that there may be an optimal level of migrant diversity when it comes to innovation (Dohse and Gold, 2014[6]). 2, pp. [3] Chellaraj,G., K.Maskus and A.Mattoo (2008), The contribution of international graduate students to US innovation, Review of International Economics, Vol. The average correlation was .05, i.e. Female directors appear to have better attendance records than male directors and the attendance of male directors improves following the entry of female members in the board of directors. Bennett has also received funding from the ESRC for related work. Finally, the chapter notes ethical reasons for fostering a just and equitable labour market alongside the economic argument for diversity. (2008), Cultural diversity and economic performance: Evidence from European regions, HWWI Research Papers, No. [26] Alesina,A., J.Harnoss and H.Rapoport (2016), Birthplace diversity and economic prosperity. Before I begin I would like to acknowledge the Gadigal People of the Eora Nation, the Traditional Owners of the land upon which we gather today. 291-309. In addition, this effect is even smaller when immigrants come from high-income countries and when native-born are highly educated. No complaint under these acts can go to a court, unless and until the matter has been considered by the Commission. We conduct national inquiries to bring special attention to issues of concern; (eg: National Inquiry into Children in Immigration Detention). 2-17. AT http://www.scanlonfoundation.org.au/research.html (viewed 23 June 2014).Demireva, N. (2014). Report prepared for: Joint Commonwealth, State and Territory Research Advisory Committee (RAC) March 2013. It is a basic human right one that we all share in common; a right enshrined in the Universal Declaration and a number of other treaties that make up the body of international law. Play video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mtw5ZAtbaY. gender board diversity explained around two-tenths of the 1% variance in company performance, while on other indicators, such as stock performance and shareholder returns, the effect was not statistically significant. 21/4, pp. (2015), Does Gender Matter? These include the AFL, Cricket Australia, Telstra, ANZ Bank, SBS, Universities Australia to name a few. The most significant piece of work in Australia on social cohesion is conducted by the Scanlon Foundation. The process costs nothing to complainant or respondent, and very few cases ever go on to the Federal Courts. 11802, IZA - Institute of Labor Economics. I acknowledge that legislation alone is not a panacea for racism. [1] Ozgen,C. (2018), The economic impact of diversity: A literature review, Background Report for the OECD. few, but comparatively larger country of origin groups living in counties with a American-born majority, has the opposite effect. Strong community engagement provides opportunity, builds wealth, promotes social harmony, and ensures greater equality and justice for all citizens. One man whos none too keen on diversity. This chapter examines the evidence on the economic impact of diversity, which yields a rather complicated picture. : An assessment of their (in)effectiveness using administrative data., Personnel Review, Vol. For other countries, however, there is evidence that benefits of diversity for innovation are more apparent in sectors employing relatively more skilled immigrants (see for example Ozgen C, Nijkamp P and Poot (2013[8]) for the Netherlands and Brunow and Stockinger (2013[9]) for Germany). This index accounts both for the heterogeneity of a population as well as the size of different population groups. It is critical that we have a source of leadership and guidance at the national level on multicultural issues and I encourage the Government to outline what it plans to do moving into the future. through instrumental variables (IV) estimation, is limited. They find a positive impact in the order of 4.5 percent, 6.8 percent and 5.0 percent, respectively for a 10 percent increase in the foreign graduate students as a percentage of total graduate students. Despite the extensive examination by socialists and theorists there is no universally agreed definition of social cohesion. [34] Alesina,A. and E.La Ferrara (2005). [7] Zierscha, A.M., Gallahera, G., Bauma, F., Bentleya, M., (2011).Responding to racism: Insights on how racism can damage health from an urban study of Australian Aboriginal people. Relatively few studies look at different elements of diversity. To understand the place of these laws in our society it is important to consider why they were introduced in the first place. The ethnic and religious composition of many modern societies has been dramatically changed by global modernisation. In 2012-13 we saw a dramatic increase of 59% in complaints based on racial vilification and hatred. 467-500, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793915570873. Patent applications (+); Patent grant (+); Non-university patent grants (+), 12 western European countries (170 regions), Product innovation & process innovation (+) & (-), Introduction of a new product or service: (/). The Affinity Foundation is just one example of the important and vital work being undertaken in the community to foster social cohesion and harmony in Australia. By 2031, it is estimated that this number will exceed one million, with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people comprising 3.9 per cent of the population. Lecturer in Environmental Art - School of Art and Design. (2011), Getting Specific about Demographic Diversity Variable and Team Performance Relationships: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Management, Vol. In addition to the narrow definition the Commission has expressed its concern about the breadth of the exemption in subsection (4) of the exposure draft. Most definitions involve notions of solidarity, willingness to participate and togetherness. [14] Pletzer,J. etal. Theory on human evolution and social diversity largely contends that the human brain has evolved a predisposition to protect our own groups, as survival was dependent on cooperation with members of that group. In Europe, research has also found a positive relationship between innovation and the share of the foreign-born population on a regional level (Ozgen, Nijkamp and Poot, 2012[5]). Submissions closed on 30 April 2014, and approximately 5,300 submissions were received. Delhey and Newton (2005[41]) find that generalised social trust is not directly impacted by diversity, whereas it is negatively associated with income inequality. Briefing: Immigration, Diversity and Social Cohesion. For process innovation, only diversity in nationality has a significant, negative impact. 1945-1960. 18/5, pp. Another study confirms a positive impact of foreign-born college graduates, post-college degree holders, and scientists and engineers in the UnitedStates. [25] Glover,D., A.Pallais and W.Pariente (2017), Discrimination as a self-fulfilling prophecy: evidence from French grocery stores, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp. Findings of a survey of Human Resource professionals across a range of OECD countries (see Box2.1 for more detail) also show that participating firms have become increasingly concerned with this topic; around two in three think that the topic of diversity management has become more important in their firm in the past fiveyears. The perpetrator was never identified however the Western Bulldogs made the following statement: It has been the club's initiative to make this matter public and to acknowledge the wrongdoing of one of our own supporters. [40] Baldwin,K. and J.Huber (2010), Economic versus Cultural Differences: Forms of Ethnic Diversity and Public Goods Provision. This video reminds us that there are practical things all of us can do to counter prejudice and discrimination. [36] Dinesen,P. and K.Snderskov (2017), Ethnic Diversity and Social Trust: A Critical Review of the Literature and Suggestions for a Research Agenda, in Uslaner,E. But we believe that they might be incompatible with fast-changing societies, where people living in mixed neighbourhoods are having contact with new cultures, norms and values. Most studies considered in these meta-analyses were conducted in the US. 1546-1571. As I highlighted earlier prejudice and discrimination are barriers to fair treatment and equal opportunity. 3-14, Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI), Hamburg. Please select the WEB or READ option instead (if available). 33/6, pp. You might recall the incident in which a French woman was abused for singing the Marseilleilles, and an ABC reporter, Jeremy Fernandez was racially abused while taking his daughter to school by bus. I commend the bipartisan support for this dinner and the commitment from both political parties in ensuring that this features on the annual calendar of Parliament House. Racial abuse of an athlete at a football match would be permitted, because it would be unlikely to intimidate that person or incite others to hate him or her on racial grounds. 93/3, pp. Quite evidently, the economic exclusion or inactivity of large population groups comes at a high cost, particularly against the backdrop of demographic change related to ageing populations and increasing shares of groups that have been traditionally disadvantaged in the labour market, such as people with disabilities, migrants and ethnic minorities.