AP Human Geo - What do I need to know for AP Human Geo Unit 4 Resources are a more complicated matter. Most African & Asian colonies became independent after WWII. A states territorial sea, where it is sovereign, extends 19 kilometers (12 miles) into the sea. 397 [hereinafter LOSC]. The distance between Guam and the nearest U.S. state, Hawai'i, is more than 6,000 kilometers (3,728.23 miles). 13 LOSC, Article 151(b). In more recent times, China has built artificial islands in the area to help further its claims to large areas of sea. Territorial Seas - permits states to delimit territory up to 12 miles and sovereignty extends in all forms in this zone Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) - state has economic rights up to 200 nautical miles (just over 230 statute miles) - right to control exploration/exploitation of natural resources in the water, seabed and subsoil below. The EEZ provides a framework for the management of marine resources and the protection of the marine environment, and it plays a role in shaping the balance of power between states in the global maritime system. This issue is discussed in more detail in Chapter Ten: The South China Sea Tribunal. The prime and most recent example of this is China's recent claims to far greater territories in the South China Sea than what is allowed for by the Law of the Sea. Non-living resources from the Area, which the LOSC refers to as minerals, are handled differently from fish, since mineral extraction projects are capital intensive to build and administer. Even though these island chains are essentially uninhabited, many believe that there are important natural resources around them, hence the competing claims. Chain Migration Overview & Examples | What is Chain Migration? The establishment of high seas was instituted by the Convention on the High Seas in 1958 and includes 63 signatories. 9th - 12th grade . Although it is easy to determine how baselines can be drawn from large areas of continental coastline, such as in Florida or California, there are other maritime features that can affect how zones are drawn. . A rock in the LOSC is defined as an island that is unable to support human habitation or economic life. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) - a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources stretching 200 nautical miles from the coast. Territoriality is a way for animals, including humans, to mark their territory and defend it from intruders. You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one thats only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. The law of the sea: Conflicts still arise even when strong laws are in place - one recent law of the sea example is conflict in the South China Sea. According to Spykman, the "rimland," which includes the coastal regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa, is the key to global dominance because it is the most economically and politically advanced region in the world. Straight baselines (which are not a feature, but change the baseline when used), Artificial Islands, Installations, and Structures. According to the Heartland Theory, a government that controls Central Eurasia (much of Russia, some of Eastern Europe, and the Middle East) is likely to eventually dominate much of the world. TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE 23 SECTION 1. Disputes can arise in a variety of contexts, such as in personal relationships, in business or commercial transactions, or in the context of public policy or international relations. serves as a buffer between two much larger states, stretches a long way in one direction, but a comparably short way in the other direction, is completely surrounded by another state. However, the nation (or nations) controlling the strait regulates the way passages are made. If the entrance is more than 24 miles wide, a State can only draw a straight baseline 24 miles across the bay in a way that maximizes the area of internal waters. The concept of an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) was adopted through the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. A region of a country that is completely separated from the main body of that country. With the goal of sovereignty over these islands, these nations are competing to gain many miles of territory and exclusive economic zone. jusinskij_54591. A boundary between two states that is created in an area that is currently not populated is called a(n) ___________. 12 nautical mile (13.8 mile) of territorial water. Cultural Hearth Overview & Examples | What is a Cultural Hearth? The Law of the Sea means each coastal nation has territorial sovereignty over 12 miles of water off their coast and maintains exclusive economic rights over 200 miles of water off their coast. Territorial waters - The area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction, set at 12 nautical miles in 1982. Its area extends to 200 nautical miles from its coastline to the external maritime territories. To prevent abuse of the continental shelf provisions, the LOSC established the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing natural resources of the seabed, subsoil, and waters above it. Two classic examples of fragmented states are Indonesia and the Philippines because they are states comprised of a few big islands and dozens of smaller islands. Territorial sea Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. Seabed beyond a coastal States EEZs and Continental Shelf claims is known under the LOSC as the Area. A low-tide elevation is a landmass that is completely submerged during high tide but above water at low tide. All right, let's take a moment or two to review what we've learned. It can be helpful to think of the prefixes "ex-" and "en-" when considering the meaning of exclave and enclave. The prefix "ex-" means, Spanish Courses & Classes in Dallas Fort Worth. States may claim an EEZ that extends 200 nautical miles from the baseline. The Rimland Theory has been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. As already discussed, rocks and low-tide elevations create much smaller zones of control than islands. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is up to 200 nautical miles to explore in and extract materials from. AP Human Geography || Chapter 8 Flashcards | Quizlet A state's territorial sea, where it is sovereign, extends 19 kilometers (12 miles) into the sea. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Australia: It stands third in the matter of area which comes under EEZ area, and is behind the countries of the United States of America and France and leads in this regard over Russia. . In 1933, a convention took place among many of the nations of the Americas in Montevideo, Uruguay. The part of the ocean adjacent to the coast of a state that is considered to be part of the territory of that state and subject to its sovereignty. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. To prevent this, the LOSC defines a bay as a well-marked indentation [where] its area is as large as, or larger than, that of a semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation.18 The amount of control a State has over a bay is based on the distance between the low-water line on either side of the bays entrance. Territorial seas synonyms, Territorial seas pronunciation, Territorial seas translation, English dictionary definition of Territorial seas. - Definition and Uses, Causes of Mutations: Recombination & Translocation, The Impact of a Country's Infrastructure on Businesses, Student Organizations & Advisors in Business Education, Staying Active in Teacher Organizations for Business Education, Carl Perkins' Effect on Technical Education Legislation, The Business Educator's Relationship with Schools & Communities, Work-Based Learning in Business Education, Comparing Historical Developments Across Time & Geography, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. The rest of the world's oceans could not be laid claim to by any nation and thus most of the world's maritime resources were essentially open to all. The economic rights within the continental shelf extend only to non-living resources and sedentary living resources, such as shellfish. In many cases, political power is closely tied to territoriality, as the control of territory often confers economic, military, and symbolic advantages. 0% average accuracy. Another 19 kilometers (12 miles) out comprises a contiguous zone for sovereign states, in which some control can be exercised (usually police and public-safety functions). Where are most colonies located today, who owns the largest in population, and who historically controlled the most? If a second state occupies that territory peacefully and publicly over a long period of time, it may be said to have acquired the territory.Accretion is when a state's territory increases by natural processes, such as deposits from rivers or volcanic eruptions.Cession is when one nation voluntarily gives up territory to another, typically via a treaty or sale. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. In human societies, territoriality is often tied to ideas of ownership, sovereignty, and jurisdiction, and it is often used as a means of establishing and maintaining power and control. This meant that other nations' fleets could come near another nation's coasts, take resources such as fish, and dump their waste into that same area. AP Human Geo - 4.3 Political Power and Territoriality | Fiveable Topics Page Ch. PDF United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea The Law of the Sea definition is a doctrine created by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea which covers the traditions and treaties set forth by countries to avoid conflict over the ocean. The LOSC provides that straight baselines must conform to the general direction of the coast and the sea area lying with the lines must be closely linked to the coast.15 Straight baselines cannot be drawn across low-tide elevations (see definition below). All rights reserved. Main Phone +1 617-627-3700, Disclaimer | The Paracels and Spratlys are two island chains at the center of a territorial dispute involving the law of the sea in the South China Sea. It extended territorial sovereignty of each coastal nation up to 12 miles from shore and allowed each coastal nation a 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone that grants each nation special privileges with respect to resources, research, and some jurisdiction. Under international law, within its defined EEZ, a coastal nation has: The United States claimed a 200-nautical-mile EEZ in 1983 (Presidential Proclamation No. This new territory would allow China to control more water to extract natural resources, control more extensive trade routes, and extend areas where they could grow fishing practices to their benefit. States have the same sovereign jurisdiction over internal waters as they do over other territory. Report an Error, Site Index Boundaries are defined, delimited, demarcated, and administered to establish limits of sovereignty, but they are often contested. This method allows States to draw its boundary 60 miles from the foot of the shelfs slope.8 This expanded continental shelf cannot, however, exceed (i) 350 miles from the baseline or (ii) 100 miles from the 2,500-meter isobath.9. The U.S. The convention produced a set of international laws that seeks to maintain international order and the enforcement of rules at sea. Types of Borders: Definition & Examples | StudySmarter See below for information on artificial islands, which are treated differently than naturally occurring islands. The UNCLOS also establishes the right of states to engage in activities such as scientific research, freedom of navigation, and the laying of submarine cables and pipelines on the high seas. Examples include the U.S. annexation of Texas in 1845, and Germanys annexation of Austria in 1938. Post the Definition of territorial sea to Facebook, Share the Definition of territorial sea on Twitter, More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary, Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes. EEZs of States worldwide constitute 38% of the oceans of earth that were considered part of the high seas prior to adoption of the LOSC. Territory - National Geographic Society The current version of UNCLOS was completed in 1982 and went into effect in 1994. Ch. 8 AP Human Notes.docx - *DIAGRAM! Topics Page For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. These zones give coastal States different jurisdictional rights. Boundaries can be physical, such as a fence or wall, or they can be conceptual, such as a line on a map or a legal demarcation. Rather than having moving maritime boundaries, the baseline is fixed to begin at the low-water line along the coast. Another challenge centers on the definition of islands. Maritime zones are drawn using what the LOSC calls baselines. Unlike inland waters, coastal waters rise and fall in tides. It outlines the freedoms of each country concerning the use of the ocean; provides rules for the safety of countries using the ocean; and dictates which pieces of the ocean will be given to each country.