Downstep due to a floating Low tone is attested in Basaa A43a (Makasso et al. H. Articulatory positions of six of the vowels of Fang A75 (variety of Bitam). , it can be seen that in Xhosa S41 /e o/ are located almost equidistant from the high vowels /i u/ and the low vowel /a/. Hamann Berkeley: University of California Press. & (2016b) Introduction. In the South-West, the area near where the borders of Namibia, Angola, Botswana and Zambia meet, the largest number of clicks is found in Yeyi R41. The whistled fricative has more peaked and compact spectra than its non-whistled counterpart, and the fricatives also differ in other acoustic measures. There is evidence for post-nasal fortition rather than devoicing in the Ngwato S31c variety (Gouskova et al. (1982) Fonetika Tabasaranskogo jazyka. 2003), including several contrasts which are not found in other Bantu languages. & We may now revisit the Kalanga S16 and Vove B305 high vowels in G.-M. PDF Chapter 2. Morphosyntax of Swahili Introduction Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Depressors also occur in Digo E73 and other Mijikenda E70 group languages and in Kalanga S16 and other Shona S10 group languages (Downing 2010). Mbochi C25, which does not have downdrift, still has final lowering due to a L% boundary tone (Rialland & Aborobongui 2016). The ATR vowel /e/ and the RTR vowel /e/ differ both in the shape of the tongue body and in the amount of tongue root retraction, which can be estimated by the volume of tongue mass which occurs to the left of the white dotted line. Schulz, S. Each point represents the mean of between seven and 27 tokens of unreduced stem-initial vowels spoken by a male speaker. A. Louw, 5991. South African Journal of African Languages & M. R. K. C. & Source: Mid-sagittal MRI scans of isolated vowels, made available by Didier Demolin. 6d. Note that the tongue tip is on the right and the tongue root on the left, the reverse of the images in Figure 3.6. (2016) Illustrations of the IPA: Lusoga (Lutenga). PDF Koen Bostoen, Mark van de Velde To cite this version Nasal vowels in the stem are reported to have the qualities [ Depressor consonants, ATR/RTR vowels, prenasalised stops, ejectives and clicks are among the sounds that have been investigated using a wide range of articulatory and acoustic instrumental phonetic techniques. In the rest of this section, three of the particular issues of phonetic interest are discussed: the dental/alveolar place contrast, the possible occurrence of articulatorily complex consonants, and the nature of the so-called whistling fricatives. Longer sections of the chapter will be devoted to aspects of laryngeal action in consonants, to the description of clicks and their distribution in Bantu, and to some of the interesting aspects of nasality which occur in these languages. Maddieson, I. The functional load of clicks varies across languages, as detailed in Pakendorf et al. Z. Bergen, B. K. Figure 3.32 The phonetic shapes of tone sequences can usually be modeled on the basis of the position and height of local H targets, with the Low tones treated as automatically filled valleys between these points. B. (1978) Experimental Study of Implosive and Voiced Egressive Stops in Shona: An Interim Report. A small quantity of air is entrapped inside the sealed oral cavity. 2017); from Nguni (primarily Zulu S42), they subsequently spread into other SEB languages (Letele 1945, Bailey 1995). , 133(2): 10431054. 30: 591627. Aspiration is a contrastive property of voiceless stops (and affricates) in some languages where it is often a reflex of an earlier voiceless prenasalised stop (cf. Myers, S. This difference seems to be related to the different origin of long vowels; Yao P21 maintains Proto-Bantu vowel length distinctions and adds to them. Rialland, A. A. Laprie The distribution seen in Xhosa S41 or Swahili G42 is similar to that most typically found cross-linguistically in five-vowel systems transcribed /i e a o u/, such as Spanish, Hadza or Hawaiian. , (eds. Gouskova, M. Sands Abry Rialland The Bantu Languages - 2nd Edition - Mark Van de Velde - Koen Bostoen Carstens, V. Most Bantu languages have a full set of nasals at each place of articulation where a stop or affricate appears, but often intricate (morpho)phonological processes govern nasal/oral alternations and syllabification and other prosodic processes concerning nasals. Hombert, J. M. S. The other back vowel pair /o o/ shows a smaller than expected F2 difference given the size of the difference between their first formants; a substantial pharynx width difference coupled with a degree of opening of the oral constriction may be inferred. Rous G. Equally, voiced segments such as nasals and approximants may contrast in depression (Traill & Jackson 1988, Wright & Shryock 1993, Mathangwane 1998). Clicks are found in many words in Southern Sotho S33 (Guma 1971), but only occur in a few sound symbolic words and interjections in Northern Sotho S32 (Poulos & Louwrens 1994). Traill, A. The means are 248 Hz for /i/, 313 Hz for //, 277 Hz for /u/, and 334 Hz for //. 42: 175187. Since a rounded lip posture can also be seen in non-whistled fricatives, such as in the sequence [usu], the labial constriction alone cannot account for the whistle-like concentration of the frication noise, but it must be due to a particular linguopalatal configuration that is yet undescribed. Figure 3.2 Volume 2: Bantu Prehistory, Inventory and Indexes. (2015) The phonological systems of the Mbam languages of Cameroon with a focus on vowels and vowel harmony. Moyo, C. T. & Berkeley Linguistics Society Source: Images made available by Bryan Gick (cf. Kxa, Tuu and Khoe (Khoisan) languages tend to favour uvular rather than velar constrictions (cf. Figure 3.14 F. Makuya The question of the role of ATR interacts with the question of the nature of the high vowels, as the *super-high/*high contrast might have been an expression of an ATR contrast or transformed into one in daughter languages. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. A. Rialland I. B. , (2016) Chimiini Intonation. E. Zerbian, S. (forth.). Wentzel San Diego: Academic Press. (2006) On the Status of Voiced Stops in Tswana: Against *ND. (1996) Tonal Transfer in Chichewa. Jouannet, F. Figure 3.11 The second line marks the time-point at which the velar closure is released. ), Proceedings of ISSP 2006: 7th International Seminar on Speech Production, 565572. Emily Paulian, C. (2001) Whispery Voiced Nasal Stops in Rwanda. , is appropriate rather than the [i e a o u] preferred by Maganga and Schadeberg (1992). N. K. The maxima in Since these segments make for easy tracking of F0 through the consonant, the centring of the depression on the consonant can be most easily visualised with them. Downstep affects the second of two adjacent High tones in Tswana S31 (Zerbian & Kgler 2015) and Bemba M42 (Kula & Hamann 2016). eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe These seven prosodic types do not account for all of the details of the individual languages. Andy Journal of the International Phonetic Association 2014, Braver 2017). (1995) Toward a Theory of Phonological and Phonetic Timing: Evidence from Bantu. London: SOAS. A. Maddieson to other Bantu languages since they share similar phonological structures. & Dordrecht: Foris Publications. & Hyman, L. M. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 167194. These vowels bring to mind the super-high or super-close vowels /i u/ used by Meeussen (1967, 1969) and Guthrie (1967, 1970a, 1970b, 1971) and notated as / / by Meinhof (1899), in addition to normal high /i u/. (eds. Figure 3.7 R. Muravjeva Hamann, S. Miller, A. Spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket. See text for discussion of the phonetic segmentation. 24(1): 530. (ed. Bo Mhlig, W. J. G. (eds. shows a spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket spoken in isolation. , Gick 2010), and in Tswana S31 only for some speakers (Coetzee & Pretorius 2010). (1996) The Sounds of the Worlds Languages. Each zone . This pattern of co-occurrences is not one which suggests a phonological role for ATR. & Firmino and Nande JD42 contrasts with Bitam Fang A75 in that it uses ATR for phonetic distinctions. (1969) Bantu Lexical Reconstructions. J. G.-M. , 2002, Malambe 2015), but Dogil and Roux (1996) argue that ejectives and clicks in Xhosa S41 are more resistant to coarticulation than other consonants. (1976) Le bajele: phonologie, morphologie nominale. In Maputo: Instituto Nacional do Desenvolvimento de Educao. & Xhosa S41 vowel formant means (Roux & Holtzhausen 1989). Lexical stems have a system of seven oral vowels but only five nasal vowels. Each point represents the mean of between nine and 23 tokens of unreduced final or penultimate vowels in a word list spoken by a male speaker. Ondo T. J. . The Bantu languages (English: UK: / b n t u /, US: / b n t u / Proto-Bantu: *bant) are a language family of about 600 languages that are spoken by the Bantu peoples of Central, Southern, Eastern and Southeast Africa. Pakendorf, B. South-West and South-East Bantu languages with clicks. For an ordinary pulmonic stop, peak pressure behind the closure ranges between about 5 and 20 hPa, depending on the loudness of the voice. (2011) Corrected High Frame Rate Anchored Ultrasound with Software Alignment. Leiden: Brill. Tsoutios 38(4): 604615. Downing, L. J. These data suggest that transcription of this vowel set as [i e a o u], as in Language & Figure 3.31 S. J. & Maputo: Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. P. Figure 3.4 Wesi Dorsal closures for all three click types in Thomas-Vilakatis data are held for about 175 milliseconds, but the front closures show some significant timing differences. S. (2010) Phonetically Grounded Phonology and Sound Change: The Case of Tswana Labial Plosives. Brasington Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Source: Recording made by Peter Ladefoged in 1979 and archived at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive (. , de Schryver Jouannet, F. Bemba M42 short vowels /i e a o u/ tend to be lax compared to their long vowel counterparts /i e a o u/ (Hamann & Kula 2015): short high and mid vowels tend to be lower and more centralised than long ones, while /a/ is higher than /a/. In Bemba M42, polar questions are marked by a final boundary L% on the final syllable, but pitch range expansion is also used (Kula & Hamann 2016). & Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. & Doke, C. M. London: Gregg International. C. 2006), as seen for the ATR /e/ and RTR /e/ vowels in parts a) and b) of (2009b) Rarefaction Gestures and Coarticulation in Mangetti Dune !Xung clicks. Chichewa (Bantu) - The Handbook of Morphology - Wiley Online Library Figure 3.19 Miller et al. (2016a) Intonation in African Tone Languages. The book is divided into four sections: I) Introduction, II) Identifying the Bantu Languages, III) Methods of Classification and IV) The Bantu languages Classified. Zsiga , with no difference in meaning. Yeyi R41 has eight different accompaniments (Fulop et al. The Bantu languages are spoken in a very large area, including most of Africa from southern Cameroon eastward to Kenya and southward to the southernmost tip of the continent. Harnsberger By continuing to use the site /, / While the deviations from the "pure" type are recognized, this typological method is the chief one utilized in untangling the complex African linguistic situation. Dashed vertical lines mark the onset and offset of the bilabial closure. 46(2): 219228. . In (2007) Guttural Vowels and Guttural Coarticulation. Post-alveolar clicks have the greatest rarefaction, lateral clicks the least, perhaps because the contra-lateral bracing of the tongue in the lateral clicks may constrain the amount of tongue-center lowering that is possible. ), Tones and Tunes. Journal of Phonetics & (2006) Just Put Your Lips Together and Blow? Figure 3.13 Lindblom Myers, S. M. (1958) The Tonemes of Xhosa. (1993) Splitting the Mora. Redford, M. A. D. Philippson , In Fwe K402, they were borrowed from Khoe and Ju languages (Bostoen & Sands 2012, Gunnink et al. In Mbukushu K333, the one series of clicks is reported to be pronounced either as dental, palatal or [post-]alveolar sounds (Fisch 1998). and Some speakers of Southern Ndebele S407 have a reduced click inventory (Schulz & Laine 2016). Bantu languages are known for their highly developed tense, aspect (and mood) systems. (1989) An Acoustic and Perceptual Analysis of Xhosa Vowels. Poulos, G. Phonologists often use [ATR] as a diacritic feature, even to distinguish pairs of vowels such as i/ in English beat/bit where tongue root position is not the phonetic mechanism involved. Work in Progress Phonetics Laboratory University of Reading Super-close vowels were reconstructed in order to account for the set of sound changes known as Bantu Spirantization, but recent reconstructions have abandoned this explanation (Schadeberg 1995, Bastin et al. K. Schadeberg