Controllers - The ground controller is responsible for the safe and efficient movement of aircraft and vehicle traffic on the taxiways and aprons. Read recommendations for advancing aviation safety resulting from Transportation Safety Board investigations. Aircraft Towing | SKYbrary Aviation Safety IF: You detect ice on your aircraft during the preflight inspection. This same procedure should be practiced from after receipt of the clearance for landing until the landing and taxi activities are complete. Type IV fluids offer the best protection against refreezing. 0000152122 00000 n hazards associated with beginning taxi without obtaining the "all clear" Turning propellers and rotor blades. 0000153011 00000 n 0000002565 00000 n For aircraft that aren't so equipped, a piece of masking tape in the window Where can the standard aircraft taxi hand signals be found? 0000248258 00000 n that he became distracted when a Flight Attendant entered the cockpit to give would place the airport diagram chart where it could be easily referred to during ASRS reports also indicate that problems Whether you're using aircraft recovery dollies or towbarless tugs, it's important to use the right GSE (with the right towing capacity) for the job. pilots should be particularly alert when taxiing on runways. Also, ensure that the prop or jet blast doesn't blow into hangars or other airplanes, and have a fire guard nearby. Chapter 7 - Aircraft Structural Materials, Ch 017 - Aircraft Airworthiness Inspection, Ch 014 - Cabin Atmosphere Control Systems, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. Please check if any of these measures apply to you. First, the initial call to Ground Control or Ramp Control hbbd```b``" R} 7 ways to minimize aircraft towing damage - RTITB The student had left the flaps down after pre-flight and taxied to the runup area without retracting them. Aircraft taxiing in snow Ground Operations Flight Operations Watch for snow banks; snow piled alongside taxiways may present a collision hazard. 0000248258 00000 n Which . 0000247519 00000 n Reduced clearance accidents or incidents can occur in various ways. I was alerted to this unwritten rule when a Senior CFI wanted to give a student departing for a long cross country a hard time. 0000050056 00000 n Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), FA50 / Vehicle, Moscow Vnukovo Russia, 2014, Start-up, Push-back and Taxi - A Guide for Controllers, Visual Aids Handbook UK CAA CAP 637 (2007), ACRP Report 148: LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance, failing to stop at a taxiway holding point, failing to stay on the surface movement control radio frequency or ground frequency as appropriate. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. When taxi instructions are received from the controller, pilots should always read back: Any instruction to hold short of a specific runway or line up and wait, Controllers are required to request a read-back of runway hold short assignment when it is not received from the pilot/vehicle, The control tower also issues bulletins describing areas where they cannot provide service due to non-visibility or other reasons, This is usually done through ATIS/AWOS remarks, Begin taxi, monitoring ground frequency until into the run-up area, Exit the runway without delay, at the first available taxiway, or as instructed, All parts of the aircraft must be across the hold short line to be considered off the runway, When issuing taxi instructions to any point other than an assigned takeoff runway, ATC will specify the point to taxi to, issue taxi instructions, and state any hold short instructions or runway crossing clearances if the taxi route will cross a runway, ATC is required to obtain a read-back from the pilot of all runway hold short instructions, An essential requirement in conducting safe taxi operations is where the pilot maintains situational awareness, Depending on the airport, parking, ramp, and taxiways may or may not be controlled, The pilot should make themselves familiar with the parking, ramp, and taxi environment, Especially at unfamiliar airports, review, and have available the, If routing is expected to be complex, consider listening to ground control, if able, on, The pilot must be vigilant of the entire area around the airplane to ensure that the airplane clears all obstructions, If, at any time, there is doubt about a safe clearance from an object, the pilot should stop the airplane and check the clearance, It may be necessary to have the airplane towed or physically moved by a ground crew, When taxiing, the pilot's eyes should be looking outside the airplane scanning from side to side while looking both near and far to assess routing and potential conflicts, especially at intersections, It is helpful to use internal callouts to accomplish this task: ", The primary requirements for safe taxiing are positive control, the ability to recognize any potential hazards in time to avoid them, and the ability to stop or turn where and when desired, without undue reliance on the brakes, The pilot should accurately place the aircraft centered on the taxiway at all times, Some taxiways have above ground taxi lights and signage that could impact the airplane or propellers if the pilot does not exercise accurate control, When taxiing, the pilot must slow down before attempting a turn, Sharp high-speed turns place undesirable side loads on the landing gear and may result in tire damage or an uncontrollable swerve or a ground loop, Swerves are most likely to occur when turning from a downwind heading toward an upwind heading, In moderate to high-wind conditions, the airplane may weathervane increasing the swerving tendency, Good operating practice dictates that pilots acknowledge all runway crossing, hold short, or takeoff clearances unless there is some misunderstanding, at which time the pilot should query the controller until the clearance is understood, NOTE: Air traffic controllers are required to obtain from the pilot a read-back of all runway hold short instructions, Also, without clearance to cross a runway, you should never cross a red sign-think of it as a stop sign, Pilots operating a single pilot aircraft should monitor only assigned ATC communications after being cleared onto the active runway for departure. If the engine doesn't start and the fire continues to burn, discontinue the start attempt and extinguish the fire with a suitable fire extinguisher. A primary distinguishing feature is their viscosity, which impacts both the holdover time and rotation speed. Responsible NASA Official: Peter Struk In the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). 0000253140 00000 n in this data set occurred because crews became disoriented while taxiing. If you become uncertain of your position, stop and ask ground control for assistance. one set of eyeballs on a swivel is also necessary. vpfTQ'\wr)Ke3@;Cr%H#SJcvDDg+j]\zM5h.aK. Of course, ramps, taxiways, and runways covered with ice, snow, or slush will cause traction problems, as well as possible adhesion of ice and slush to critical airplane surfaces due to splashing. The use of takeoffs-and-landings/taxi lights is an effective means of illuminating surface hazards during taxi movements at night and alerting all concerned of an aircraft's presence/position in flight . Think about what distance it may take to roll to a stop if you were forced to pull the power and adjust your speed so this could be accomplished in a reasonable distance. Operators should: ensure daily inspection for their vehicle is complete and that beacon/hazard lights are operating when the vehicle is airside, operate their vehicle safely and in accordance with all company and airport rules, obey all "rules of the road" inclusive of speed limits, stop signs and right-of-way guidance. times greater than the chance of striking another aircraft in flight. All taxiing operations are performed in accordance with applicable local regulations. While a national effort is underway to reduce runway transgressions, Become throughly trained. adequate separation from other aircraft at uncontrolled airports.". List at least three possible hazards associated with the ground operations of aircraft. These plans, which affect aircrew and vehicle operators, may incorporate additional lighting, markings, and procedures to control airport surface traffic. taxi in taxi out aircraft - aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy Single pilot aircraft should not monitor other than ATC communications until flight from Class B, Class C, or Class D surface area is completed. 0000041909 00000 n Briefly, the best practices for deicing small general aviation aircraft include: All deicing/anti-icing fluids are designed to shear off during the take-off roll and do not provide protection after take-off. A simulation is conducted based on a practical setting of 9 flights on runway 02L at a central-south airport. As previously stated, to ensure efficient and safe airport ground operations, separation between aircraft or between aircraft and vehicular traffic must be maintained and optimised. 0000005695 00000 n %%EOF This is an ideal place to put the airport diagram. can arise when pilots turn off onto another runway after landing. An increased chance of engine damage due to detonation, loss of engine power, and an increased probability of overheating. Hazards Associated with Flying at Night - PowerPoint Presentation Taxiing - AOPA - Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association on the side window frames. done safely requires planning, coordination, and attention. PDF AC 150/5210-20A, Ground Vehicle Operations to include Taxiing, or 0000152831 00000 n 0000042021 00000 n Ground Collision | SKYbrary Aviation Safety Speaker's Notes. Reported one Captain: There are several reasons why the Page updated: September 27, 2016. What can be done as an operator or flight crew to reduced aircraft clearance with ground equipment or obstacles. Only if approved by the FAA, usually by the issuance of a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC). Even something as routine as taxiing 0000152353 00000 n These "failure to comply" occurrences most usually involve vehicles: In all cases, these actions have the potential to put the vehicle in conflict with an aircraft which, in turn, could: Most of the remaining occurrences are related to one of the following: Most taxiway accidents and incidents are preventable. These agents enable Type II fluids to remain on the aircraft surface during standing, taxi, and other low speed operations and to rapidly flow off due to wind shearing forces during take-off roll. A selection of events that involved an aircraft being towed: On 27 September 2017, an Airbus A320 being manoeuvred off the departure gate at Dublin by tug was being pulled forward when the tow bar shear pin broke and the tug driver lost control. These are: Subpart 702: Aerial Work. 0000051048 00000 n Only use Type II, III, & IV fluids with the approval of the aircraft manufacturer. Pilots tend to taxi faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem. Safe ground and taxiing procedures - Golf Hotel Whiskey Taxiing Flashcards | Quizlet Therefore Large transport vs. small aircraft operations. taxi. Sh/3R_\l/s`}$xzjh*d3>Y",^Y>@ TSdB$C-)ZetV % :`j@HTPrFL@we[e|TuJ!s|3Kv SJd>|GRHkHVd(MZkzI%(P6}Ylr IV]e MOgc5zCWBndn V. The bookcases will have three shelves, in addition to the bottom and the top. situational awareness. Weathervaning of tailwheel aircraft. Recall that holding lines lie perpendicular This ensures redundancy while critical taxi